Analysis and Optimization of Process Parameters of Heat Exchangers and Turbines for Helium Refrigerator/Liquefier

A Helium liquefier and refrigerator is very vital component of many superconducting magnets, fusion devices, Tokamaks etc. So it is very important to optimize helium liquefier/refrigerator. This project work involves analysis and optimization of the process parameters (helium flow rate, pressure and temperature) for main components (8 different heat exchangers and 3 different turbo-expanders) of helium plant of refrigeration capacity 1 kW at 4.5 K. This is a part of the indigenous helium plant development work going on at IPR, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujrat. Nevertheless, this plant can be operated in mixed mode also as helium refrigerator-cum-liquefier (HRL), although it is optimized for refrigeration load. To optimize process of any helium refrigeration/liquefaction cycle, it is very important to consider one independent variable at a time and under valid assumptions, study and analyze its effect on the process. From the analysis, the optimized value of the concerned and considered process variable is selected. The main components of an HRL that affect process parameters are compressor, heat exchangers ,expansion engines and expansion valves .The present analysis is basically concerned with the parameters of the heat exchangers vis –a-vis expansion engines. In the present analysis mainly total compressor mass flow rate, fraction of total compressor mass flow diverted towards expansion engines (turbo expanders), inlet temperature to various expansion engine and heat exchangers are analyzed and optimized using steady state approach. The present study, analysis and optimization of the important process parameters is done taking logical assumptions and fulfilling important practical constraints that are explained in this report. The work involves: Study different thermodynamic configurations of HRL. Study the HRL, existing at IPR. Study different component working principle and design aspects also. Study and analyze different practical factors and inefficiencies of main components that can affect the performance of HRL. Find out different possible methods to analyze the given thermodynamic configuration to find liquefaction and refrigeration capacity. v Choose the best method from point-4 and make a computer code to analyze and get the HRL performance. Generate different graphical trends from analysis and optimization for variation of different process parameters of components. Find the optimum process parameters of main components

Climate Change is Human Induced?

Climate is the most vital element of our planet and its live ability is key concern for every habitat From Silent Spring till present debate is on about humankind s impact on nature Since its establishment in 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC has been playing pivotal role in raising public concerns on human-induced climate change through its various assessment reports These reports follow exhaustive review process and are widely accepted In 2007 IPCC s 4th assessment report- Climate Change 2007 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability came in question on Himalayan glacier melt The Climate gate in 2009 further strengthened the confusion on credibility of IPCC s projections Present study analyses district level temperature and rainfall patterns of Uttarakhand- a Himalayan state and examines the validity of IPCC s projection Uttarakhand is a tourism oriented economy State is best known for its religious places and natural sites Rapid urbanisation in mountainous regions is disturbing regional eco-balance but increasing vehicular pollution in climatesensitive areas seems to have greater impact on temperature and precipitation patterns Result shows a noticeable shift in the variability of temperature and rainfall and a significant warming especially in mountainous districts However human activities does not correlate very well with these change

Development of Fast, Distributed Computational Schemes for Full Body Bio-Models and Their Application to Novel Action Potential Block in Nerves Using Ultra-Short, High Intensity Electric Pulses

An extremely robust and novel scheme for computing three-dimensional, time-dependent potential distributions in full body bio-models is proposed, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind. This simulation scheme has been developed to employ distributed computation resources, to achieve a parallelized numerical implementation for enhanced speed and memory capability. The other features of the numerical bio-model included in this dissertation research, are the ability to incorporate multiple electrodes of varying shapes and arbitrary locations. The parallel numerical tool also allows for user defined, current or potential stimuli as the excitation input. Using the available computation resources at the university, a strong capability for extremely large bio-models was developed. So far a maximum simulation comprised of 6.7 million nodes has been achieved for a full rat bio-model with a 1 mm spatial resolution at an average of 30 seconds per iteration. The ability to compute the resulting potential distribution in a full animal body allows for realistic and accurate studies of bio-responses to electrical stimuli. For example, the voltages computed from the full-body models at various sites and tissue locations could be used to examine the potential for using nanosecond, high-intensity, pulsed electric fields for blocking neural action or action potential (AP) propagation. This would be a novel, localized, and reversible method of controlling neural function without tissue damage. It could potentially be used in electrically managed pain relief, non-lethal incapacitation, and neural/muscular therapy. The above concept has quantitatively been evaluated in this dissertation. Specifically, the effects of high-intensity (kilo-Volt), ultra-short (∼100 nanosecond) electrical pulses have been evaluated, and compared with available experimental data. Good agreement with available data is demonstrated. It is also shown that nerve membrane electroporation, brought about by the high-intensity, external pulsing, could indeed be instrumental in halting AP propagation. Simulations based on a modified distributed cable model to represent nerve segments have been used to demonstrate a numerical proof-of-concept

The Atmospheric Warming and Homicides in India

Crime is an act against law and thus is a punishable offence Crime varies over space and time Among all crime types murder is the most cruel and inhumane which do an irreparable damage to the society The study attempts to examine how atmospheric warming may increase homicides To achieve this the paper analyses the trend pattern of homicides and various determinants Social heterogeneity and weather- more specifically temperature are considered to be most influencing in catalysing aggression and murder The study tries to evaluate the linkages between these factors by examining the correlation between homicide and income and poverty level level of urbanisation and temperature in India over a 13-year span of time The analysis is based mainly on the secondary data obtained from National Crime Record Bureau of India India Meteorological Department and State and District Censuses Results show that while poverty urbanisation and income level do not affect the homicide significantly in unidirectional manner temperature does affects the pattern of murder incidences Interestingly the regions which have witnessed warming trend during the past decade are also the areas of high and increasing homicide rate

Partisan Issue Linkages in Presidential Campaign Speeches: A Case Study of Abortion

This study examined how presidential candidates used partisan issue linkages to discuss their abortion views over the 2008, 2012, and 2016 elections. It qualitatively examined 64 speeches, town halls, and interviews in which candidates spoke about abortion to identify trends in their rhetoric. It also measured the frequencies with which candidates used partisan messages, specific vocabulary, and issue linkages. As candidates employed stronger and more partisan issue linkages across these three elections, they transformed abortion from a stand-alone issue to one entrenched in a partisan policy package. The development of Planned Parenthood as a symbol for pro-choice positions in 2012 enabled candidates to make different and more partisan issue linkages. This study further identified candidates’ changing strategies for discussing abortion, including differences along party lines and over time. These findings carry implications for politicians, voters, and scholars alike. They suggest that the abortion debate is dynamic and deserving of ongoing research. Future studies on partisan rhetoric should account for issue linkages to more accurately examine trends in partisanship

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED HEPATIC INJURY IN ALBINO RATS: A TOXICITY SCREENING APPROACH

Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of polyherbal formulation and individual extracts of Calotropis procera, Gymnema sylvestre, and Lawsonia inermis leaves.Methods: The hepatoprotective activity of the formulation and extracts were assessed on the basis of histopathological changes in liver of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic rats.Results: The result of present studies strongly indicates that the hepatoprotective property of polyherbal formulation as evidenced by less damaged hepatocytes cells.Conclusion: Polyherbal formulation revealed excellent hepatoprotective profile as compared to individual plants due to synergistic effect produced by different phytochemicals present in the formulation.Keywords: Calotropis procera, Gymnema sylvestre, Lawsonia inermis, Carbon tetrachloride

Influenza outbreak in India: A course ahead

  “Influenza” is commonly known as “flu” caused by a single-stranded RNA virus. There are four types of Influenza viruses A, B, C and D, of which type A and B are mainly known to cause respiratory tract infection in humans, especially during the winter and post-monsoon season. It is transmitted rapidly through infectious droplets in crowded places, including schools and hospitals.[1] The incubation period of influenza ranges from1 to 4 days with its period of communicability ranges from one day before the onset of symptoms to 7 days after the symptoms begin.[2] It has already caused multiple pandemics in the past, with a recent one in year 2009 was caused by the Influenza subtype A H1N1 variant (pdm09). Millions of deaths have occurred during these pandemics. The vulnerable population like under-five children, elderly people (? 65years of age), pregnant women, and people with comorbidity like diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart disease, chronic liver disease and immunocompromised conditions (i.e., HIV/ AIDS, malignancy, individuals on chemotherapy or steroid) are at higher risk of developing severe illness due to infection by Influenza viruses

To assess the major causes leading to admissions in our SNCU and their causes of death in relation to their conditions: an observational study

Aim:To assess the major causes leading to admissions in our NICU and their causes of death in relation to their conditions.Materials and Method: This was anobservational study done in SNCU at Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital Darbhanga, Bihar, India Data of all admitted neonates were analyzed with regard to age of babies, sex, weight, cause of admissions and their outcome.Results: During study period a total of 320 neonates were analyzed. Male were predominant over female with maleto female ratio 1.42:1. Majority of newborns were to belong to low birth weight (48.44%) followed bynormal birth weight (28.43%), very low birth weight (17.18 %) and ELBW babies. Maximum number of babies were preterm 165 (51.56%), more than half of all the babies, followed by sepsis 42 (13.12%), birth asphyxia 31 (9.68%), neonatal jaundice 24 (7.5%), Meconium aspiration syndrome. 35 (10.93%. Out of 320 admitted babies 58 were died with a mortality rate of 18.12%. Maximum number of death was observed with preterm, 38 out of 58 with 65.51%, their various complications followed by birth asphyxia (18.96%). Third commonest cause of mortality was sepsis (8.62%) which is followed by MAS (6.89%).Conclusion: Prematurity, neonatal sepsis, birth asphyxia and meconium aspiration syndrome were the major indications of admissions. Prematurity, birth asphyxia and neonatal sepsis were major causes of mortality in my study. These mortalities can be reduced with improved management of antenatal and perinatal period, early recognition of conditions, timely intervention and early referral to higher centre